tures without culture studies may misdiagnose GU-NTM infections as MDR GU-MTB, thereby delaying the appropriate treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis is of vital importance both to cure patients and to reduce transmission for effective control of tuberculosis, It is important to know whether tuberculosis is diagnosed in time and also what causes delay if any. The study was conducted with the objective of knowing the time taken to diagnose tuberculosis from the onset of symptoms and to identify the causes for delay if any. A study was conducted in the District of Malapppuram Kerala, South India among newly diagnosed smear positive tuberculosis patients. 489 patients were interviewed soon after diagnosis and their socio-demographic characteristics and details from onset of symptoms to diagnosis were collected using a structured format. The mean time taken by the patient for consultation after onset was 36 days and the mean time for diagnosis was 42 days and total time until diagnosis was 78 days. 72.8% patients consult within 6 weeks of onset and 74.7% are diagnosed within 6 weeks of consultation. The delay for diagnosis was more with private institutions. Diagnosis took less time when government facilities are consulted and when cough was a prominent symptom. Socio demographic factors are seen not affecting the time. There is delay in diagnosing tuberculosis especially with private health providers and more efforts are required to reduce the same. There is delay in diagnosing tuberculosis especially with private health providers and more efforts are required to reduce the same. No Indian studies have assessed the implementation of recent policy on pharmacy based surveillance and its contribution in TB notification. So, this study was conducted with objectives to describe a) pharmacy based TB surveillance and TB notification, and b) experiences of pharmacy based surveillance implementation from the programme managers and pharmacists perspective. A mixed methods study-quantitative (cross-sectional) and qualitative (in-depth interviews) in two selected districts Dharmapuri and Salem districts of Tamil Nadu State, India. In 2018, 45 (11%) of 397 pharmacies in Dharmapuri and 90 (6%) of 1457 pharmacies in Salem districts reported sale of anti-TB drugs to 1307 and 1673 persons respectively. Upon validation through direct patient contact 942 (72%) persons in Dharmapuri and 863 (52%) persons were identified as previously 'un-notified' TB patients. These patients constituted 20% and 29% of the total TB cases notified in Dharmapuri and Salem respectively. The enablers for implementing this activity were understanding the importance of notification, availability of resources (manpower, computers) to record, report and validate the patient data, repeated trainings and partnerships. The barriers were patients' hesitancy to share their details to pharmacists (confidentiality), cumbersome recording and reporting process, difficulties in recording patient details during high workload busy business hours. This process contributed about one-fourth of the TB patients notified in these districts. Its implementation needs to be strengthened and should be scaled up in other parts of the country. This process contributed about one-fourth of the TB patients notified in these districts. Its implementation needs to be strengthened and should be scaled up in other parts of the country. Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is an urgent life-saving procedure in patients with massive hemoptysis. This was a single center observational study wherein patients presenting with hemoptysis were evaluated and underwent BAE. Initially, a descending thoracic aortogram was performed to identify culprit vessels followed by selective catheterization of the involved vessels. Abnormal bronchial artery morphology included hypertrophied and tortuous bronchial artery (BA), focal hyperemia and hypervascularity, shunting into pulmonary artery or vein, extravasation of contrast into the lung parenchyma/cavity and BA aneurysms. Selective embolization was done using either gelfoam or polyvinyl alcohol particles. Post-procedure, follow-up was done at one month and six months with outcomes defined in terms of recurrence of hemoptysis. A total of 187 patients underwent BAE with post-tubercular sequalae being the most common diagnosis in 157 (84%) followed by idiopathic bronchiectasis in 19 (10.2%) and aspergilloma in 7 (3.7%). A total of 246 vessels were embolized with right sided BA being more commonly involved as compared to left [143 (76.5%) vs. 35 (18.7%); P<0.0001]. Complete resolution was observed in 183 (97.8%) 24hours post procedure. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/aticaprant.html Recurrence was reported in 34 (18.2%) patients with higher frequency in diabetics, patients with active tuberculosis and presence of aspergillomas. Multi-variate logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes, presence of an aspergilloma and feeding vessels from internal mammary artery were independent predictors of recurrent hemoptysis. Most of the complications were minor except paraparesis observed in two patients. BAE is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of hemoptysis of different etiologies. BAE is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of hemoptysis of different etiologies. Identifying the risk factors for deaths during tuberculosis (TB) treatment is important for achieving the vision of India's National Strategic Plan of 'Zero Deaths' by 2025. We aimed to determine the proportion of deaths during TB treatment and its risk factors among smear positive pulmonary TB patients aged more than 15 years. We performed a cohort study using data collected for RePORT India Consortium (Regional Prospective Observational Research in Tuberculosis). Revised TB Control Program (RNTCP) in three districts of South India. The cohort consisted of newly diagnosed drug sensitive patients enrolled under the Revised National TB Control Program during 2014-2018 in three districts of southern India. Information on death was collected at homes by trained project staff. We calculated 'all-cause mortality' during TB treatment and expressed this as a proportion with 95% confidence interval (CI). Risk factors for death were assessed by calculating unadjusted and adjusted relative risks with 95% CI. The mean (SD) age was of the 1167 participants was 45 (14.