https://www.selleckchem.com/products/onx-0914-pr-957.html Deepwater chondrichthyans generally provide low levels of yolk-only (lecithotrophic) maternal investment and have relatively small brains, predominantly composed of medulla (a major portion of the hindbrain), whereas matrotrophic chondrichthyans-which provide maternal provisioning beyond the initial yolk sac-found in coastal, reef, or shallow oceanic habitats have relatively large brains, predominantly composed of telencephalon (a major portion of the forebrain). We have demonstrated, for the first time, that both ecological lifestyle and maternal investment are independently associated with brain organization in a lineage with diverse life-history strategies and reproductive modes.The Adaptive Geometry of Trees had an important conceptual influence on plant ecology and helped inspire many new approaches to understanding succession, plant adaptation, and plant competition. Its central model provided an elegant potential explanation for how optimal canopy form should shift with ecological conditions, change those conditions through time, and thus help drive succession and be a consequence of it. Yet on close examination, this deeply inspirational model does not lead to the predictions for which it is widely known. Here I show that the Horn model actually favors monolayer canopies over multilayers under all light conditions if relative growth rate (growth per unit investment) is maximized. Horn's conclusion that multilayers would be favored over monolayers in brighter sites is an artifact. I propose that self-shading multilayers might gain an advantage in brightly lit sites by reducing water loss, reducing the costs of branch construction and maintenance, reducing photoinhibition, increasing light capture in sidelit microsites, and increasing water and nutrient supplies (or leaf longevity) when combined with one or more of the previous potential advantages. I conclude with a brief discussion connecting Horn's m