https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Staurosporine.html ng can take place to ultimately enable making conclusions about the value of the MCDA-based patient decision aid for MS patients, healthcare professionals and the quality of care. Medical students must meet curricular expectations and pass national licensing examinations to become physicians. However, no previous studies explicitly modeled stages of medical students acquiring basic science knowledge. In this study, we employed an innovative statistical model to characterize students' growth using progress testing results over time and predict licensing examination performance. All students matriculated from 2016 to 2017 in our medical school with USMLE Step 1 test scores were included in this retrospective cohort study (N = 358). Markov chain method was employed to 1) identify latent states of acquiring scientific knowledge based on progress tests and 2) estimate students' transition probabilities between states. The primary outcome of this study, United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 performance, were predicted based on students' estimated probabilities in each latent state identified by Markov chain model. Four latent states were identified based on studentdents who are at-risk for licensing examination failure and may benefit from targeted academic support. Using the Markov chain model to analyze longitudinal progress test performance offers a flexible and effective estimation method to identify students' transitions across latent stages for acquiring scientific knowledge. The results can help identify students who are at-risk for licensing examination failure and may benefit from targeted academic support. This in-vitro-study aimed to evaluate the potential of different fluoride gels to prevent gastroesophageal reflux induced erosive tooth wear. Surface baseline profiles of a total of 50 bovine enamel specimens [randomly assigned to five groups (G1-5)] were recorded. All specimens were