https://www.selleckchem.com/products/20-hydroxyecdysone.html The results show that the smaller the particles, the lower the rubidium content. This observation might prevent the observation of switching properties on very small particles. Despite this antagonist effect, we achieved switchable particles of around 200 nm without any use of surfactant. Moreover, the size reduction is associated with the observation of the electron transfer down to 52% of rubidium in the nanoparticles against 64% in microparticles. This work is of particular interest in processing such nanoparticles into devices.Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as promising photocatalysts. However, NCs are often functionalized with complex ligand shells that contain not only charge acceptors but also other "spectator ligands" that control NC solubility and affinity for target reactants. Here, we show that spectator ligands are not passive observers of photoinduced charge transfer but rather play an active role in this process. We find the rate of electron transfer from quantum-confined PbS NCs to perylenediimide acceptors can be varied by over a factor of 4 simply by coordinating cinnamate ligands with distinct dipole moments to NC surfaces. Theoretical calculations indicate this rate variation stems from both ligand-induced changes in the free energy for charge transfer and electrostatic interactions that alter perylenediimide electron acceptor orientation on NC surfaces. Our work shows NC-to-molecule charge transfer can be fine-tuned through ligand shell design, giving researchers an additional handle for enhancing NC photocatalysis.The generation of a long-lived charge-separated state in versatile π-conjugated two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs), a process essential to extending their great potentials in advanced semiconducting applications, is yet fully elucidated. Herein, we report a systematic investigation of the photophysical properties of three highly crystalline i