https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ca-074-methyl-ester.html Optical manipulation is a powerful way to control neural activity in vitro and in vivo with millisecond precision. Patterning of light provides the remarkable ability to simultaneously target spatially segregated neurons from a population. Commercially available projectors provide one of the simplest and most economical ways of achieving spatial light modulation at millisecond timescales. Here, we describe the protocol for constructing a projector-based spatio-temporal light patterning system integrated with a microscope on a typical electrophysiology rig. The set-up is well suited for applications requiring rapid, distinct, and combinatorial inputs, akin to brain activity. This equipment involved is fairly economical ( less then $5000 including all optical and mechanical components), and the set-up is easy to assemble and program.The delivery of cells into damaged myocardium induces limited cardiac regeneration due to extensive cell death. In an effort to limit cell death, our lab formulates three-dimensional matrices as a delivery system for cell therapy. Our primary work has been focused on the formation of engineered cardiac tissues (ECTs) from human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived engineered cardiac cells. However, ECT immaturity hinders ability to fully recover damaged myocardium. Various conditioning regimens such as mechanical stretch and/or electric pacing have been used to activate maturation pathways. To improve ECT maturity, we use non-contacting chronic light stimulation using heterologously expressed light-sensitive channelrhodopsin ion channels. We transduce ECTs with an AAV packaged channelrhodopsin and chronically optically pace (C-OP) ECTs for 1 week above the intrinsic beat rate, resulting in increased ECT electrophysiological properties.In just over 10 years, the use of optogenetic technologies in neuroscience has become widespread, having today a tremendous impact on our underst