Some biologists and philosophers of biology claim selection can "create" novel traits. Others claim creativity is to be found only in development. I here endorse the former claim, but take seriously and address the concerns that underlie the latter. My discussion of these issues is informed by recent work that champions the "return of the organism" to mainstream evolutionary biology, and I suggest how population and organismal perspectives on trait origins can be reconciled. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is an indicator of oxidative stress and causes transversion mutations and carcinogenesis. 8-OHdG is excision repaired by 8-OHdG DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), which is classified as nuclear and mitochondrial subtypes. We aimed to clarify the role of OGG1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Ninety-two patients with PDAC who had undergone surgical resection at multiple institutions were immunohistochemically analyzed. The OGG1 and 8-OHdG expression levels were scored using the Germann Immunoreactive Score. The cutoff values of OGG1, as well as that of 8-OHdG, were determined. The low nuclear OGG1 expression group (n=41) showed significantly higher carbohydrate antigen (CA)19-9 (p=0.026), and higher s-pancreas antigen (SPAN)-1 (p=0.017) than the high expression group (n=51). Nuclear OGG1 expression has no effect on the prognosis. The low mitochondrial OGG1 expression group (n=40) showed higher CA19-9 (p=0.041), higher SPAN-1 (p=0.032), and more histological perineural invasion (p=0.037) than the high expression group (n=52). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/doxycycline.html The low mitochondrial OGG1 expression group had a significantly shorter recurrence-free survival (p=0.0080) and overall survival (p=0.0073) rates. The Cox proportional hazards model revealed that low mitochondrial OGG1 expression is an independent risk factor of the PDAC prognosis. OGG1 expression was negatively correlated with 8-OHdG expression (p=0.0004), and high 8-OHdG expression shortened the recurrence-free survival of patients with PDAC. Low mitochondrial OGG1 expression might aggravate the PDAC prognosis. Low mitochondrial OGG1 expression might aggravate the PDAC prognosis. The outcome of cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) relies on successful bony ingrowth into the implant surfaces. Failures due to aseptic loosening are still reported, especially in younger and more active patients. The objective of this study is to quantify the micromotion of a commercially available design of cementless tibial tray under loading conditions simulating walking and stair descent. A commercially available design of cementless total knee arthroplasty was implanted in 7 cadaveric knees which were preconditioned with 500 cycles of 0°-100° flexion under a vertical load of 1050 N in a custom-built, multiaxial functional activity simulator. This was followed by application of the peak forces and moments occurring during walking and stair descent. During each loading procedure, 3-dimensional motion at the bone-prosthesis interface was measured using digital image correlation. The tray migrated 101±25 μm on average during preconditioning, which was dominated by rotation in the sagittal plane osthesis interface varied substantially around the periphery of the cementless tray. Under the loading conditions evaluated, the tray primarily underwent a rocking motion in the sagittal plane. Compared with walking, stair descent produced significantly more micromotion, especially in the posterior zones. Spinal stiffness has been shown to increase risk of dislocation due to impingement and instability. Increasing anteversion of the acetabular component has been suggested to prevent dislocation, but little has been discussed in terms of femoral or global offset restoration. The purpose of this study is to quantify dislocation rates after primary THA using standard versus high-offset femoral components and to determine how differences in offset affect impingement-free range of motion in a stiff spine cohort using a novel impingement model. A total of 12,365 patients undergoing THA from 2016 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed to determine dislocation rates and utilization of standard- versus high-offset stems. For 50 consecutive patients with spinal stiffness, a CT-based computer software impingement modeling system assessed bony or prosthetic impingement during simulated range of motion. The model was run 5 times for each patient with varying offsets. Range of motion was simulated in each scenario to determine the degree at which impingement occurred. There were 51 dislocations for a 0.41% dislocation rate. Total utilization of high-offset stems in the entire cohort was 49%. Of those patients who sustained a dislocation, 49 (96%) utilized a standard-offset stem. The impingement modeling demonstrated 5 degrees of added range of motion until impingement for every 1 mm offset increase. In the impingement model, high-offset stems facilitated greater ROM before bony impingement and resulted in lower dislocation rates. In the setting of high-risk THA due to spinal stiffness, surgeons should consider the use of high-offset stems and pay attention to offset restoration. In the impingement model, high-offset stems facilitated greater ROM before bony impingement and resulted in lower dislocation rates. In the setting of high-risk THA due to spinal stiffness, surgeons should consider the use of high-offset stems and pay attention to offset restoration. Avascular necrosis of femoral head is a debilitating disease frequently progressing to femoral head collapse and joint destruction. The efficacy of core decompression (CD) remains controversial. About 40 consecutive age-matched and gender-matched patients (53 hips) were randomized into 2 groups by computer-generated algorithm table in a prospective randomized double-blinded comparative study. Group A (platelet-rich plasma [PRP] with CD) included 19 patients (25 hips), and group B (CD only) included 21 patients (28 hips). Postoperative Harris Hip Score and magnetic resonance imaging to quantify the necrotic area by using modified Kerboul angle were done and evaluated. Mean follow-up was 64.3 months (range, 54-72) and 63.7 months (range, 56-72) in groups A and B, respectively. There was statistically significant difference between PRP and control groups in pain score (P= .00), functional score (P= .02), and Harris Hip Score (P= .00) at final follow-up. There was no progression in stage 1 disease. Stage 2 disease showed 24% progression in group A and 43% progression in group B.