https://www.selleckchem.com/products/atuveciclib-bay-1143572.html 05). Group II had a shorter surgical time than Group I. Compared with Group I (20.37%), the revision rate was lower in Group II (10.16%). The modified levator muscle resection using Putterman ptosis clamp and traditional levator muscle resection can both improve ptosis. Comparison results showed that using Putterman ptosis clamp assisted in levator muscle surgery had shorter operation time, faster postoperative recovery, and lower revision rate than the traditional method. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Tableof Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.Wnt signalling is an essential pathway in embryogenesis, differentiation, cell motility, development, and adult tissue homeostasis in vertebrates. The Wnt signalling network can activate several downstream pathways such as the β-catenin-dependent TCF/LEF transcription, the Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, and the Wnt/Calcium pathway. Wnt5a is a vertebrate Wnt ligand that is most often associated with the Wnt/PCP signalling pathway. Wnt5a/PCP signalling has a well-described role in embryogenesis via binding to a receptor complex of Frizzled and its co-receptors to initiate downstream activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling cascade and the Rho and Rac GTPases, Rho-Kinase (ROCK). This activation results in the cytoskeletal remodelling required for cell polarity, migration, and subsequently, tissue re-arrangement and organ formation. This review will focus on more recent work that has revealed new roles for Wnt5a ligands and consequen