https://www.selleckchem.com/products/butyzamide.html This work provides evidence on how the QS hierarchy can change from being strictly LasR-dependent to a LasR-independent RhlR-based hierarchy under phosphate limitation even in the PAO1 type strain.IMPORTANCEPseudomonas aeruginosa is an important pathogen considered a priority for the development of new therapeutic strategies. An important approach to fight its infections relies on blocking quorum sensing. The Las system is the main regulator of the quorum sensing response, so many research efforts aim to block this system in order to suppress the entire response. In this work we show that LasR is dispensable in a phosphate-limited environment in the PAO1 type strain, which has been used to define of the quorum-sensing response hierarchy, and that in this condition RhlR is at the top of the regulation hierarchy. These results are highly significant since phosphate-limitation represents a similar environment to the one that P. aeruginosa faces when establishing infections. A gender gap in faculty rank at academic institutions exists; however, data among graduate medical education (GME) programmes are limited. There is a need to assess gender disparities in GME leadership, as a lack of female leadership may affect recruitment, role modelling and mentorship of female trainees. This cross-sectional study aimed to describe the current state of gender in programme leadership (department chair, programme director (PD), associate/assistant PD (APD) and clerkship director (CD)) at accredited Emergency Medicine (EM) programmes in the USA to determine whether a gender gap exists. A survey was distributed to EM residency programmes in the USA assessing demographics and gender distribution among programme leadership. If no response was received, information was collected via the programme's website. Data were organised by position, region and length of the programme. We obtained data on the number of female EM physicians in pra