https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html s vaccination. An effective prophylactic vaccine targeting HIV must induce a robust humoral response and must direct the bulk of this response to the mucosa-the primary site of HIV transmission. The chemokine, CCL28, is secreted by epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces and recruits' cells expressing its receptor CCR10. CCR10 is predominantly expressed by IgA + ASCs. We hypothesized that co-immunization with plasmid DNA encoding consensus envelope antigens with plasmid-encoded CCL28 would enhance anti-HIV IgA responses at mucosal surfaces. Indeed, animals receiving pCCL28 and pEnvA/C had significantly increased HIV-specific IgA in fecal extract. Surprisingly, CCL28 co-immunization induced a significant increase in anti-HIV IgG in the serum in mice compared to those receiving pEnvA/C alone. These robust antibody responses were not associated with changes in the frequency of germinal center B cells but depended upon the expression of CCR10, as these responses we abolished in CCR10-deficient animals. Finally, immunization with CCL28 led to increased frequencies in HIV-specific CCR10 + and CCR10 + IgA + B cells in the small intestine and Peyer's patches of vaccinated animals as compared to those receiving pEnvA/C alone. These data indicate that CCL28 administration can enhance antigen-specific humoral responses systemically and at mucosal surfaces. BACKGROUND The risk of transmission of bloodborne pathogens, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) to healthcare workers (HCWs) is well known. In 2005 we performed a survey on HBV prevention in HCWs in the European Union (EU). An update of the 2005 survey deemed necessary as an EU Council Directive (2010/32/EU) on sharps injuries was to be implemented into national legislation by 11 May 2013 and more countries were starting universal HBV vaccination. METHODS We performed an electronic survey in 2016, among national representatives from the Occupational Medicine se