https://www.selleckchem.com/products/en450.html ive older people in rural areas, and increasing age, cognitive impairment, depressive symptom, risk of malnutrition, ADL disability and poor self-perception of health were all risk factors for frailty. We should be cautious about the research results due to the heterogeneity between studies. This study examined the interaction effects of individual and neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES) in older adults in Hong Kong, considering all-cause and cause-specific mortality from respiratory disease, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, nonmedical disease and suicide. A retrospective follow-up study. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, a rapidly ageing society with 16.1% residents aged 65 years or older in 2020. 43 910 people aged 65 years or older were enrolled at baseline. They had participated in health check-ups during 2000-2003 in one of the Elderly Health Centres. Observation periods started on the date of the participant's first health check-up, and ended at death, or 31 December 2011, whichever occurred first. All-cause and cause-specific mortality over the study timeframe. Cox's proportional hazards regression models were applied to estimate the adjusted HRs of mortality, by including covariates at neighbourhood (deprivation) and individual levelow SES living in higher SES areas to reduce stroke, cardiovascular and ischaemic heart diseases. There were important interaction effects between neighbourhood and individual factors on mortality. Policies based on the interaction between individual and neighbourhood SES should be considered. For instance, for cancer, targeted services (ie, free consultation, relevant treatment information, health check-up, etc) could be allocated in socioeconomically deprived areas to support individuals with low SES. On the other hand, more free public services to reduce psychological stresses (ie, psychological support services, recreational services,