Scaphoid nonunion is a challenging situation for orthopaedic surgeons. Nonunion rate is especially high in proximal pole fractures of the scaphoid due to tenuous retrograde blood supply.The use of pedicled vascularized bone grafts for the treatment of scaphoid nonunion provides both good clinical and radiological outcomes.The preserved vascularity of the graft leads to better bone remodelling, less osteopenia, faster incorporation and better maintenance of bone mass compared to the conventional non-vascularized grafting.Pedicled vascularized bone grafts also allow the correction of the carpal alignment and humpback deformity of the scaphoid.Clinical and radiological results have been satisfactory and promising, making us anticipate that the role of vascularized bone grafting for the treatment of carpal diseases will increase. Cite this article EFORT Open Rev 2020;51-8. DOI 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190021. © 2020 The author(s).To discuss the computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) findings of posterior fossa epidural hematoma (PFEDH) mimicking sinus thrombosis, we present two pediatric cases with the PFEDH extending along the sigmoid sinus groove evaluated by MR imaging (MRI) and MR venography (MRV). T2-weighted coronal MRI can diagnose both patency of the sigmoid sinus and epidural hematoma extending along the sinus groove. Phase-contrast MRV (PC-MRV) is also useful to evaluate the flow state in the dural sinuses but it should be diagnosed carefully whether low visualization of the dural sinus means only functional flow impairment or organized occlusion due to thrombus.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/vt104.html  To avoid an unnecessary anticoagulant therapy that may worsen epidural hematoma, it is important to recognize the pitfall that PFEDH extending along the sinus groove is easy to misdiagnose for a dural sinus thrombosis. © The Foundation Acta Radiologica 2020.Overlapping genes are commonplace in viruses and play an important role in their function and evolution. However, aside from studies on specific groups of viruses, relatively little is known about the extent and nature of gene overlap and its determinants in viruses as a whole. Here, we present an extensive characterisation of gene overlap in viruses through an analysis of reference genomes present in the NCBI virus genome database. We find that over half the instances of gene overlap are very small, covering less then 10 nt, and 84 per cent are less then 50 nt in length. Despite this, 53 per cent of all viruses still contained a gene overlap of 50 nt or larger. We also investigate several predictors of gene overlap such as genome structure (single- and double-stranded RNA and DNA), virus family, genome length, and genome segmentation. This revealed that gene overlap occurs more frequently in DNA viruses than in RNA viruses, and more frequently in single-stranded viruses than in double-stranded viruses. Genome segmentation is also associated with gene overlap, particularly in single-stranded DNA viruses. Notably, we observed a large range of overlap frequencies across families of all genome types, suggesting that it is a common evolutionary trait that provides flexible genome structures in all virus families. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press.Little is known about the infections of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses in fungi. Here, we use a paleovirological method to systematically identify the footprints of past dsDNA virus infections within the fungal genomes. We uncover two distinct groups of endogenous nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) in at least seven fungal phyla (accounting for about a third of known fungal phyla), revealing an unprecedented diversity of dsDNA viruses in fungi. Interestingly, one fungal dsDNA virus lineage infecting six fungal phyla is closely related to the giant virus Pithovirus, suggesting giant virus relatives might widely infect fungi. Co-speciation analyses indicate fungal NCLDVs mainly evolved through cross-species transmission. Taken together, our findings provide novel insights into the diversity and evolution of NCLDVs in fungi. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press.Two new mononuclear metal complexes involving the bidentate Schiff base ligand 2,4,6-trimethyl-N-[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl-idene]aniline (C15H16N2 or PM-TMA), [Mn(NCS)2(PM-TMA)2] (I) and [Ni(NCS)2(PM-TMA)2] (II), were synthesized and their structures determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Although the title compounds crystallize in different crystal systems [triclinic for (I) and monoclinic for (II)], both asymmetric units consist of one-half of the complex mol-ecule, i.e. one metal(II) cation, one PM-TMA ligand, and one N-bound thio-cyanate anion. In both complexes, the metal(II) cation is located on a centre of inversion and adopts a distorted octa-hedral coordination environment defined by four N atoms from two symmetry-related PM-TMA ligands in the equatorial plane and two N atoms from two symmetry-related NCS- anions in a trans axial arrangement. The tri-methyl-benzene and pyridine rings of the PM-TMA ligand are oriented at dihedral angles of 74.18 (7) and 77.70 (12)° for (I) and (II), respectively. The subtle change in size of the central metal cations leads to a different crystal packing arrangement for (I) and (II) that is dominated by weak C-H⋯S, C-H⋯π, and π-π inter-actions. Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional fingerprint plots were used to qu-antify these inter-molecular contacts, and indicate that the most significant contacts in packing are H⋯H [48.1% for (I) and 54.9% for (II)], followed by H⋯C/C⋯H [24.1% for (I) and 15.7% for (II)], and H⋯S/S⋯H [21.1% for (I) and 21.1% for (II)]. © Jittirattanakun et al. 2020.The title compound, C24H27Cl2NOS, contains 1,4-benzo-thia-zine and 2,4-di-chloro-phenyl-methyl-idene units in which the di-hydro-thia-zine ring adopts a screw-boat conformation. In the crystal, inter-molecular C-HBnz⋯OThz (Bnz = benzene and Thz = thia-zine) hydrogen bonds form chains of mol-ecules extending along the a-axis direction, which are connected to their inversion-related counterparts by C-HBnz⋯ClDchlphy (Dchlphy = 2,4-di-chloro-phen-yl) hydrogen bonds and C-HDchlphy⋯π (ring) inter-actions. These double chains are further linked by C-HDchlphy⋯OThz hydrogen bonds, forming stepped layers approximately parallel to (012). The Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structure indicates that the most important contributions for the crystal packing are from H⋯H (44.7%), C⋯H/H⋯C (23.7%), Cl⋯H/H⋯Cl (18.9%), O⋯H/H⋯O (5.0%) and S⋯H/H⋯S (4.8%) inter-actions. Hydrogen-bonding and van der Waals inter-actions are the dominant inter-actions in the crystal packing. Computational chemistry indicates that in the crystal, C-HDchlphy⋯OThz, C-HBnz⋯OThz and C-HBnz⋯ClDchlphy hydrogen-bond energies are 134.