The pooled effects from the studies using follow-up of greater than two years did not reach statistical significance. Subgroup analyses suggested that effect sizes differed across treatment types, with risk-need-responsivity treatments performing well against other modalities.
 
  Risk-need-responsivity treatments showed promise in the short-to-medium term, but the challenge of sustaining effects into the longer term remains.
 Risk-need-responsivity treatments showed promise in the short-to-medium term, but the challenge of sustaining effects into the longer term remains.Binge drinking is a widespread alcohol consumption pattern commonly engaged by youth. Here, we present the first systematic review of emotional processes in relation to binge drinking.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/iwp-2.html  Capitalizing on a theoretical model describing three emotional processing steps (emotional appraisal/identification, emotional response, emotional regulation) and following PRISMA guidelines, we considered all identified human studies exploring emotional abilities among binge drinkers. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and PsychINFO, and a standardized methodological quality assessment was performed for each study. The main findings offered by the 43 studies included are 1) regarding emotional appraisal/identification, binge drinking is related to heightened negative emotional states, including greater severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and have difficulties in recognizing emotional cues expressed by others; 2) regarding emotional response, binge drinkers exhibit diminished emotional response compared with non-binge drinkers; 3) regarding emotional regulation, no experimental data currently support impaired emotion regulation in binge drinking. Variability in the identification and measurement of binge drinking habits across studies limits conclusions. Nevertheless, current findings establish the relevance of emotional processes in binge drinking and set the stage for new research perspectives to identify the nature and extent of emotional impairments in the onset and maintenance of excessive alcohol use.The gamma-ray imaging technique was developed and is widely used in several nuclear engineering fields. Specifically, compared with the traditional point-by-point radiation detector, the coded-aperture gamma camera has advantages of a wide field of view, high angular resolution, and high efficiency. Several methods for characterizing image quality, including the figure of merit (FOM) method and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) method, were assessed and developed. These methods have their respective drawbacks depending on the circumstances. The FOM lacks reliability in exhibiting the impact of background noise fluctuation on the purity of a real image. The CNR characterizes image quality with inconsistent sensitivity while the source moves along the X and Y directions. Therefore, a new CNR method was proposed to achieve better performance and greater consistency in real imaging. With our coded-aperture imaging system developed in the laboratory, we performed simulations within the MATLAB and Geant4 platforms and real imaging experiments to analyze and compare images and the results of these three characterization methods. The results show that the new CNR method is reliable and practical in regard to real imaging performance.Among all their sensations, agents need to distinguish between those caused by themselves and those caused by external causes. The ability to infer agency is particularly challenging under conditions of uncertainty. Within the predictive processing framework, this should happen through active control of prediction error that closes the action-perception loop. Here we use a novel, temporally-sensitive, behavioural proxy for prediction error to show that it is minimised most quickly when volatility is high and when participants report agency, regardless of the accuracy of the judgement. We demonstrate broad effects of uncertainty on accuracy of agency judgements, movement, policy selection, and hypothesis switching. Measuring autism traits, we find differences in policy selection, sensitivity to uncertainty and hypothesis switching despite no difference in overall accuracy.When processing a text, comprehenders use available cues to anticipate both upcoming content and the dependencies that comprise the structure of the growing discourse. In an eye-tracking while reading experiment, we test discourse updating in passages in which dependencies are implicit and the segments convey content that is not required to participate in any coherence-driven inference. This study provides strong evidence of comprehenders' ability to build implicit non-obligatory discourse structure in real time.Obesity before and during pregnancy negatively affects the mental and physical health of the mother. A diet high in fat also increases the risk for anxiety, depression and cognitive dysfunction. We examined the effects of high fat diet (HFD) -induced obesity and pregnancy on maternal behavior, cognitive function and anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in mice. Four-week-old female CD-1 mice were placed on a HFD or regular chow diet (RCD) for 5 weeks. Mice were maintained on either diet as non-pregnant HFD and RCD groups, or allowed to breed, and then fed these diets throughout gestation, lactation and after weaning, as pregnant HFD and RCD groups. Mice on HFD but not on RCD for 5 weeks pre-pregnancy significantly gained weight and had impaired glucose clearance. Maternal behavior was assessed by nest building prepartum and pup-retrieval postpartum. Anxiety-like behavior was evaluated both prepartum and postpartum by elevated plus maze and cognitive function was assessed by the novel object recognition test postpartum. Anhedonia, a measure of impaired reward function, is an endophenotype of depression and was assessed by sucrose preference test pre- and post-weaning in dams. Mice on HFD in pregnancy exhibited both impaired maternal behavior and cognitive function in the postpartum period. We did not detect measurable differences between the HFD and RCD groups in anxiety-like behavior in the prepartum period. In contrast, HFD was also associated with anhedonia in pregnant mice pre-weaning, and anxiety-like behavior post-weaning. Thus, HFD has a negative effect on maternal behavior in the outbred CD-1 mouse, which provides a model to study associated outcomes and related mechanisms.