https://www.selleckchem.com/products/fluorofurimazine.html e UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Although hindrances to the sexual and reproductive health of women are expected because of COVID-19, the actual effect of the pandemic on contraceptive use and unintended pregnancy risk in women, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, remains largely unknown. We aimed to examine population-level changes in the need for and use of contraception by women during the COVID-19 pandemic, determine if these changes differed by sociodemographic characteristics, and compare observed changes during the COVID-19 pandemic with trends in the 2 preceding years. In this study, we used four rounds of Performance Monitoring for Action (PMA) population-based survey data collected in four geographies two at the country level (Burkina Faso and Kenya) and two at the subnational level (Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Lagos, Nigeria). These geographies were selected for this study as they completed surveys immediately before the onset of COVID-19 and implemented a follow-up specific to COVID-19. The first round compe was an increase in the need for contraception among nulliparous women across all geographies investigated. Our findings do not support the anticipated deleterious effect of COVID-19 on access to and use of contraceptive services by women in the earliest stages of the pandemic. Although these results are largely encouraging, we warn that these trends might not be sustainable throughout prolonged economic hardship and service disruptions. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section. For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.Time-calibrated phylogenies of extant species ("extant timetrees") are widely used to estimate historical speciation and extinction rates by fitting stochastic birth-death models.1 These approac