John Ioannidis writes about the harm caused by misinformation about COVID-19.1 We draw from communication research to offer best practices for reducing misinformation, disseminating accurate health information, and promoting prevention and control recommendations. We recommend three strategies that medical, public health, and scientific professionals working with government officials, clinicians, media commentators, and in other contexts around the world can use to improve communication about outbreaks. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Leishmaniasis is a neglected infectious disease with clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic or mild symptoms to chronic infection and eventual death. The mechanisms of disease susceptibility and pathology have been extensively studied, but there are no steadfast rules regarding leishmaniasis.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd-5462.html  A Th1 response is usually associated with infection control, while a predominant Th2 response is detrimental to the patient. In this scenario, the enzymes arginase and inducible nitric oxide synthase represent two possible pathways of immune response. While the former contributes to parasite replication, the latter is crucial for its control. In the present review, we collected study results that associate arginase expression in patients and in experimental models with disease susceptibility/chronicity and show some proposed mechanisms that explain the role of arginase in maintaining Leishmania infection, including polyamine and thiol synthesis, tissue-resident macrophage (TRM) proliferation and activation and T cell suppression and exhaustion. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The development of molecular diagnostic tools to achieve individualized medicine requires identifying predictive biomarkers associated with subgroups of individuals who might receive beneficial or harmful effects from different available treatments. However, due to the large number of candidate biomarkers in the large-scale genetic and molecular studies, and complex relationships among clinical outcome, biomarkers, and treatments, the ordinary statistical tests for the interactions between treatments and covariates have difficulties from their limited statistical powers. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for detecting predictive biomarkers. We employ weighted loss functions of Chen et al. to directly estimate individual treatment scores and propose synthetic posterior inference for effect sizes of biomarkers. We develop an empirical Bayes approach, namely, we estimate unknown hyperparameters in the prior distribution based on data. We then provide efficient screening methods for the candidate biomarkers via optimal discovery procedure with adequate control of false discovery rate. The proposed method is demonstrated in simulation studies and an application to a breast cancer clinical study in which the proposed method was shown to detect the much larger numbers of significant biomarkers than existing standard methods. © 2020 The International Biometric Society.Having been given the opportunity to write this article about Jean Bousquet is certainly an honour and an absolute pleasure. Jean - born in 1946 -hassurely everything that is neededto become a Legend.This term is usually reserved for a famous person of ancient times,however,Jeanis certainly not ancient,given that he isso extremely alert and up to date. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Aim of the present study was to ascertain if a combination of leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) + autogenous bone graft (ABG) may be a clinically "non-inferior" treatment modality as compared with the association of Enamel Matrix Derivative (EMD) with ABG in the management of intrabony defects (IBDs). METHODS Forty-four patients, exhibiting at least one unfavourable intraosseous defect, were treated by L-PRF associated with ABG (22 patients; test group) or EMD+ABG (control group) in each defect. At baseline and 12 months, a complete clinical and radiographic examination was done. Pre- and post-therapy clinical (probing pocket depth [PPD], clinical attachment level [CAL], gingival recession [GR]) and radiographic (defect Bone level [(DBL)] parameters for the different treatments were compared. To guarantee the test treatment's efficacy 1mm was chosen as non-inferiority margin; for clinical relevance, a second non-inferiority margin = 0.5mm was set. RESULTS Clinical and radiographic parameters significantly improved 12 months after surgery in both test and control sites, without inter-groups differences for each measurement. The control group - test group differences for the parameters CAL gain -0.248mm (-0.618 to 0.122), PPD Reduction -0.397mm (-0.810 to 0.015), GR Change 0.059mm (-0.300 to 0.418), DBL Gain -0.250mm (-0.746 to 0.246) were all within the non-inferiority margin of 0.5 mm. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the L-PRF+ABG combined treatment of non-contained intrabony defects produces non-inferior results in terms of CAL gain, PPD reduction, GR increase and DBL gain in comparison with the EMD+ABG combination. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory condition of apocrine gland-bearing skin that is characterised by recurrent painful nodules, abscess and sinus tract formation. Estimates of the prevalence of HS are highly variable, but it is believed to affect around 1% of the population in Europe. Existing treatments for HS include antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive agents. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The continuously growing interest in the study of gender medicine in the last years has led to increased awareness of the differences between men and women in the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, management, and prognosis of a wide variety of diseases, including skin diseases. Gender differences in disease characteristics can be influenced by numerous factors, e.g. the effect of sex hormones, anatomy, physiology, and genetics. Variances in skin structure and physiology between the sexes can also contribute to different expressions of certain skin disorders. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.