https://www.selleckchem.com/products/z-ietd-fmk.html Transmission electron microscopy was used to explore the effect of these HBPs on calcium phosphate (Ca-PO4) nucleation and growth. Results indicated that HBPs may inhibit nucleation of Ca-PO4 nanoparticles and their phase transition to crystalline HAP, as well as control crystal growth rates in specific crystallographic directions, thus changing the classical needle-like morphology of inorganically grown HAP crystals to a biomimetic plate-like morphology.The sluggish cathodic kinetics and lower energy efficiency, associated with solid and insulating discharge products of Li2O2, are the key factors that prevent the practical implementation of Li-O2 batteries (LOBs). Here we demonstrate that the combination of the solid catalyst (RuO2) and soluble redox mediator tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) exhibits a synergetic effect in improving the cathodic kinetics and energy efficiency of LOBs by reducing both charge and discharge overpotentials. Operando electron microscopy observations and electrochemical measurements reveal that RuO2 not only exhibits bifunctional catalysis for Li-O2 reactions but also benefits the catalytic efficiency of TTF. Meanwhile, TTF plays an important role in activating the Li2O2 passivated RuO2 catalysts and in helping RuO2 effectively oxidize the discharge products during charging. The synergetic effect of solid and liquid catalysts, beyond traditional bifunctional catalysis, obviously increases the cathodic kinetics and round-trip energy efficiency of LOBs.Protein-polymer interactions are critical to applications ranging from biomedical devices to chromatographic separations. The mechanistic relationship between the microstructure of polymer chains and protein interactions is challenging to quantify and not well studied. Here, single-molecule microscopy is used to compare the dynamics of two model proteins, α-lactalbumin and lysozyme, at the interface of uncharged polystyrene with varied molecular w