Aim of the current in vivo, observational study was to investigate the effect of trimming, heel elevation and different types of shoeing on breakover duration (BreakD) with a novel, hoof-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor system.
 
  Ten sound, crossbred horses were examined barefoot before and after trimming fitted with an IMU sensor at the dorsal hoof wall. Additionally, application of 5° heel wedges, plain steel shoes, rolled-toe shoes and palmarly-placed quarter-clip shoes was tested. Horses were guided in a straight line on firm ground. Obtained data were speed corrected prior to calculations testing the influence of different manipulations for their significance on BreakD.
 
  Trimming had no significant influence on BreakD. Heel elevation caused a significant decrease of BreakD in walk and trot. Shoeing with a plain steel shoe resulted in a significant increase in BreakD in walk. This could be rescinded by creating a rolled toe or placing the shoe palmarly.
 
  Obtained results emphasize the use of heel wedges or rolled-toe and palmarly-placed shoes to ease breakover in the context of therapeutic shoeing. Hoof-mounted IMU sensors with high resolution seem to be a practical and valuable approach to accurately examine BreakD and factors influencing this parameter.
 Obtained results emphasize the use of heel wedges or rolled-toe and palmarly-placed shoes to ease breakover in the context of therapeutic shoeing. Hoof-mounted IMU sensors with high resolution seem to be a practical and valuable approach to accurately examine BreakD and factors influencing this parameter.Xylem fibers are highly elongated cells that are key constituents of wood, play major physiological roles in plants, comprise an important terrestrial carbon reservoir, and thus have enormous ecological and economic importance. As they develop, from fusiform initials, their bodies remain the same length while their tips elongate and intrude into intercellular spaces. To elucidate mechanisms of tip elongation, we studied the cell wall along the length of isolated, elongating aspen xylem fibers and used computer simulations to predict the forces driving the intercellular space formation required for their growth. We found pectin matrix epitopes (JIM5, LM7) concentrated at the tips where cellulose microfibrils have transverse orientation, and xyloglucan epitopes (CCRC-M89, CCRC-M58) in fiber bodies where microfibrils are disordered. These features are accompanied by changes in cell wall thickness, indicating that while the cell wall elongates strictly at the tips, it is deposited all over fibers. Computer modeling revealed that the intercellular space formation needed for intrusive growth may only require targeted release of cell adhesion, which allows turgor pressure in neighboring fiber cells to 'round' the cells creating spaces. These characteristics show that xylem fibers' elongation involves a distinct mechanism that combines features of both diffuse and tip growth.
  Usually, the teaching process of eutocia and dystocia on large animals is supported by the use of photographs, videos, animations and texts with descriptions of the births and the difficulties of delivery, being not enough to provide an effective experiential learning process in veterinary obstetrics. This study aimed to evaluate the learning and the student's perception of the impact of using an obstetric box and an articulated dummy as a teaching resource in a dynamic game methodology on learning obstetric diagnoses and procedures.
 
  Veterinary students attended a theoretical class about foetal disposition and obstetrics manoeuvres and later attended a practical class about the same topic using an obstetric box and an articulated foal dummy. All students were evaluated by questionnaires and tests after each class addressing the topics of the objectives of this study.
 
  The teaching methodologies facilitated students' understanding of how to perform obstetric manoeuvres and significantly increased their test scores and their confidence to execute obstetric procedures in a real professional situation in the future.
 
  The use of obstetric box and dummy combined with a dynamic game methodology in practical classes stimulated the students' learning process and helped graduate more confident professionals.
 The use of obstetric box and dummy combined with a dynamic game methodology in practical classes stimulated the students' learning process and helped graduate more confident professionals.
  To evaluate the cardiovascular, tracheobronchial and pulmonary abnormalities associated with tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve syndrome (TOF-APVS) on multidetector computed tomograpgy (MDCT) angiography.
 
  We conducted a retrospective review of our electronic database from January, 2014 to December, 2020 to identify pediatric patients diagnosed with TOF-APVS on MDCT angiography.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/atn-161.html  Pulmonary anatomy, associated tracheobronchial and coronary compression, compression of intrapulmonary bronchi, lung parenchymal changes and other associated cardiovascular abnormalities were evaluated.
 
  Forty-seven patients with TOF-APVS were included in the study. Compression of the airways was observed at multiple levels; 4 (8.5%) patients had carinal compression while right main bronchus and left main bronchus compression was seen in 12 (25.5%) and 16 (34.0%) patients, respectively. Forty-three (91.5%) patients showed abnormal pulmonary arterial branching at the segmental level and compression at the level of intrbnormal pulmonary arterial branching resulting in lung abnormalities in the majority of these patients. This study highlights the importance of dedicated airway assessment in addition to cardiovascular morphological assessment by MDCT angiography, before planning surgery.Deep-water access is arguably the most effective, but under-studied, mechanism that plants employ to survive during drought. Vulnerability to embolism and hydraulic safety margins can predict mortality risk at given levels of dehydration, but deep-water access may delay plant dehydration. Here, we tested the role of deep-water access in enabling survival within a diverse tropical forest community in Panama using a novel data-model approach. We inversely estimated the effective rooting depth (ERD, as the average depth of water extraction), for 29 canopy species by linking diameter growth dynamics (1990-2015) to vapor pressure deficit, water potentials in the whole-soil column, and leaf hydraulic vulnerability curves. We validated ERD estimates against existing isotopic data of potential water-access depths. Across species, deeper ERD was associated with higher maximum stem hydraulic conductivity, greater vulnerability to xylem embolism, narrower safety margins, and lower mortality rates during extreme droughts over 35 years (1981-2015) among evergreen species.