https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tepp-46.html infected patients and prevent further development of antibiotic resistance. The surge in the number of gram-negative infections emphasizes the need for broad-spectrum empirical therapy targeting the same. Rate of resistance of the isolated gram-negative organisms to the routinely used empirical therapy is alarming. Prudent use of antibiotics, based on culture reports wherever possible, is of utmost importance to save the lives of infected patients and prevent further development of antibiotic resistance. Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are one of the most frequently observed hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). We sought to describe the epidemiology and drug resistance secondary BSIs in surgical patients and check for any correlation with the type of hospital ward. This multicenter (13 hospitals in southern Poland) laboratory-based retrospective study evaluated adults diagnosed with BSI secondary to surgical site infection (SSI) hospitalized in 2015-2018; 121 strains were collected. The drug resistance was tested according to the EUCAST recommendations. Tests confirming the presence of extended-spectrum -lactamases (ESBLs) and resistance genes were carried out. The occurrence of possible clonal epidemics among strains was examined. The prevalence of in secondary BSI was 12.1%; the most common strains were (  = 74, 61.2%) and spp. (  = 33, 27.2%). High resistance involved ampicillin and ampicillin/sulbactam (92, 8-100%), fluoroquinolones (48-73%), and most cephalosporins (29-50%). th surgical site infection and BSI, secondary to SSI. We were surprised to note high heterogeneity among K. pneumoniae strains, which was different from our previous experience.Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas have a significant clinical efficacy, and the fingerprint technology has been widely accepted to fully reveal the quality of TCM. Whereas, it is a great challenge to establish the fingerprint chromatogram which can fully refle