Duplex ultrasound testing after open or endovascular extracranial carotid artery interventions is a clinical practice guideline with a strong recommendation from the Society for Vascular Surgery. Neurologic outcomes are improved by the recognition of repair site stenosis or atherosclerotic disease progression in the unoperated carotid artery. The benefit of surveillance outweighs its risk because duplex testing is free of complications and accurate in the detection of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis or occlusion. Surveillance for >70% ICA stenosis is recommended within 30 days of the procedure, then every 6 months for 2 years, and annually thereafter. Repair site and contralateral ICA stenosis classification should be based on angle-corrected pulsed Doppler measurements of peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and the ratio of PSV at the stenosis to a proximal, nondiseased common carotid artery (CCA) segment (ICA/CCA ratio). Interpretation criteria of PSV >300 cm/s, EDV >125 cm/s, and ICA/CCA ratio >4 predicts >70% repair site stenosis. Endovascular intervention is recommended for a carotid repair site stenosis based on the occurrence of an ipsilateral neurologic event and appropriate anatomy for angioplasty. For asymptomatic restenosis, intervention is based on stenosis progression to elevated PSV and EDV >70% stenosis threshold values and the patient is deemed high risk for stroke due to contralateral ICA occlusion or incomplete functional patency of the circle of Willis.Before the development of the first prototype duplex ultrasound scanner at the University of Washington in the late 1970s, the only noninvasive tests available for extracranial carotid artery disease were indirect methods, such as the periorbital Doppler examination and oculoplethysmography. The duplex scanner combined real-time two-dimensional B-mode imaging and pulsed-Doppler flow detection in a single instrument and provided Doppler spectral waveforms from discrete sites within the vessel lumen. Spectral waveforms allowed characterization of the flow patterns and velocity changes associated with normal and diseased arteries. In a series of validation studies, Dr. D. Eugene Strandness, Jr. and colleagues compared various spectral waveform parameters obtained from internal carotid arteries to independently read carotid arteriograms and established quantitative threshold criteria for classification of carotid artery disease. These criteria were based on peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity, as wey to result in improved correlation with arteriography.As a junior colleague of Dr. D. E. Strandness, Jr., for almost 30 years, I had the unique professional opportunity to witness the development of duplex ultrasonography at the University of Washington. "Gene" as he liked to be called, was a surgeon with a persistent curiosity about vascular disease. He led the multidisciplinary team that developed the technique of duplex ultrasound, measured its diagnostic accuracy, and performed research studies to reduce stroke due to carotid bifurcation atherosclerosis. My reflections on the legacy of Dr. Strandness are offered with gratitude for the curiosity "bug" he nurtured in me, which continues today.Interventional radiologists' involvement in pain service lines continues to increase. While clinical and technical acumen is an obvious prerequisite, understanding the coding related to these procedures is also a must. The pain specialist's practice is largely outpatient based, therefore, the coding and subsequent billing for outpatient clinic visits may be an important revenue generator. A brief review of the evaluation and management (E&M) coding, as well as review of procedural CPT coding for pain interventions is discussed herein. While not overly difficult, there are certain nuances regarding the coding and reporting of these procedures. Developing an understanding of the proper use of CPT coding involved in pain procedures will allow the interventionalist to accurately capture the work performed and further support a pain service line. Case examples are used to reinforce certain points.Degenerative lumbar spine disorder (DLSD) is a ubiquitously occurring event that may be induced or accelerated by multiple factors such as from overuse, trauma, genetic predisposition, nutrition deficiency, and others. While our understanding of this degenerative disorder is limited, in terms of prevention, the symptoms from DLSD can be significant and may lead to the reduction in the patient's quality of life and loss of work time. In the Global Burden of Disease Study, low back pain was ranked the highest of 291 different conditions, due to the number of years lost to disability, amounting to 83 million disability-adjusted life years lost in 2010. DLSD contains conditions involving disc degeneration, lumbar spinal stenosis, and spondylolisthesis, including symptoms ranging from low back pain to lower extremity radicular pain and weakness. In this issue, we will be discussing treatments for patients suffering with chronic low back pain from endplate disruption, utilizing basivertebral nerve radiofrequency ablation, also known as the INTRACEPT procedure. This issue will also cover minimally invasive lumbar decompression from lumbar spinal stenosis, due to contributory ligamentum flavum hypertrophy, utilizing the percutaneous image-guided lumbar decompression technique known as the MILD procedure.Biologics are a growing field that has shown immense promise for the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions both in orthopedic sports medicine and interventional pain management. These procedures utilize injection of supraphysiologic levels of platelets and growth factors to invoke the body's own inflammatory cascade to augment the healing of many bony and soft tissue conditions. While many patients improve with conservative care, there is a need to address the gap between those that improve with rehabilitation alone and those who ultimately require operative management. Orthobiologic procedures have the potential to fill this void.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/diphenhydramine.html  The purpose of this review is to summarize the basic science, evidence for use, and post-injection rehabilitation concepts of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as they pertain to joints, tendons, ligaments, and the spine.