However, group work did not result in any significant change in extrinsic motivation, interpersonal help seeking and the perception of self-efficacy. In the follow-up process, a significant decrease was observed in the participants' self-efficacy perceptions. Group work with substance users increases the intrinsic motivation and confidence-in-treatment. Therefore, group work practices will increase the effectiveness of substance use treatment. Group work with substance users increases the intrinsic motivation and confidence-in-treatment. Therefore, group work practices will increase the effectiveness of substance use treatment. The purpose of this study is to engender a language and culture specific Smoking Stroop Test (SST) in Turkish. The study is performed in three stages (N=334) with smokers and non-smokers of three age groups. On the third stage, all participants have filled STT and were administered Beck Depression Inventory. Besides, the smokers were applied Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, and the elder participants were also assessed with Standardized Mini Mental State Examination Test. In the first stage, a list comprising a total of 92 words related and not related with smoking have been formed and in the second stage the participants were asked to evaluate the relatedness of these words with cigarette and smoking. As a result of this evaluation 9 related and 9 unrelated words were selected for SST. In the third stage SST was administered to a sample of 70 participants. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/su5402.html A 3×2×2 repeated measures for last factor ANOVA was used to determine whether the variance in response times depends on age, cigarette use and word type. The results revealed that there was no significant difference among the non-smoker participants' response times towards related or unrelated words in all age groups. On the other hand, the smokers in young and adult age groups displayed longer response times towards cigarette related words. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability analysis revealed that the test is reliable. SST is a valid, reliable and original tool that can be used in studies in Turkey. SST is a valid, reliable and original tool that can be used in studies in Turkey. The present study is an examination of possible subclinical involvement of lower motor neuron (LMN) in patients with primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) and hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP) electrophysiologically. Nine PLS patients and 5 HSP patients were prospectively analyzed. Jitter measurement with concentric needle electrode (25 mm, 30 G) (CN-jitter) recorded from right extensor digitorum muscle during voluntary contraction with 1 kHz high-pass frequency filter set. European Myelopathy Score (EMS) was used to evaluate disability. The relationship between disability score and jitter values was investigated. HSP patients had suffered from the disease for longer period of time (p<0.001). Mean jitter values of patients with PLS and HSP were 26.5±12.1 µs and 30.8±34.8 µs, and the number of individual high jitters (>43 microseconds) observed in the PLS and HSP groups was 16/180 and 9/100, respectively without a significant intergroup difference. The ratio of patients with an abnormal jitter study wf the disease to LMNs or transsynaptic degeneration and its contribution in disease progression. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by recurrent abnormal respiratory events during sleep and causes oxidative stress which is reported as a major pathogenic mechanism for the development of various cardiovascular disorders. For the diagnosis and management of treatment, disease-related symptoms and the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) measured from polysomnographic (PSG) recordings are taken together. However, AHI do not sufficiently represent the total hypoxic load, and other indices related to apnea frequency, apnea duration, and desaturation degree should be investigated. In this study, 317 polysomnographic recordings were retrospectively evaluated. Apart from the conventional AHI, apnea and/or hypopnea duration percentage (AHDP) and desaturation area (DesatArea) were calculated using PSG data. According to the AHI, 21.8%, 32.8% and 45.4% of cases were grouped as mild, moderate and severe OSAS, respectively. When AHDP was taken into account, 10.4%, 22.1% and 67.5% of the cases were re events are used, the same patients within the same group of disease severity are heterogeneously separated according to severity of hypoxia. It is suggested that grouping the patients based on AHI is insufficient and that using other polysomnographic measurements along with AHI should be considered to represent the severity of the disease. The aim of the current study was to assess the levels of anxiety and depression and to determine relationships between perceived social support and other factors in migraine patients and to compare with the control group. The study was a cross-sectional study with 37 migraine patients and 40 control patients. The diagnosis of migraine was established according to the International Headache Society criteria. Patients completed a questionnaire comprised of sociodemographic characteristics, migraine severity (frequency and visual analogue scale score) and scales which are used for the determination of depression, anxiety and social support. Correlation analyses revealed that Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores were positively correlated with anxiety scores; however, they were not correlated with the clinical characteristics of migraine. Whereas, anxiety scores were correlated with the number of days with migraine pain and the number of migraine attacks in a month. However, VAS scores were not correlated and depression are associated with migraine. Additionally, social support may be critical in the prevention or reduction of migraine attacks as it was found to affect the anxiety and depression scores of patients with migraine. Relapse is one of the most common problems in the addiction treatment. The aim of this study was to increase the remission rates, reduce relapse rates and investigate the effect of psychodrama on depression, anxiety and locus of control after treatment in a group of inpatients diagnosed with opioid use disorder (OUD). The study was started with 13 inpatients diagnosed with OUD and completed with six members. In addition to psychoeducation, the psychodrama study of 13 sessions lasted. The control group consisted of six individuals with the same diagnosis and characteristics, who had only undergone psychoeducation. Hamilton Depression-Anxiety and Rotter Locus of Control Scales were applied to the participants before and after the group. Anxiety rates decreased in both groups according to pre-test and post-test results. In the outpatient part of the study, five patients in the patient group remained in treatment and clean at the end of the fifth month and four at the end of the sixth month. In the control group only two people could remain in treatment and clean at the end of the sixth month.